Summary: The intarray Postgres extension adds functions and operators for NULL-free integer arrays. It enables set operations (union, intersection, overlap, containment) and a query_int type for boolean AND/OR/NOT searches. Use it when built-in array functions are too slow for large datasets with overlap or containment queries, common in tagging systems, access control lists, and product categorization. GiST and GIN index classes accelerate &&, @>, <@, and @@ operators, with tunable parameters like numranges and siglen.

Efficiently manipulate and query integer arrays in Postgres

The intarray extension for Postgres provides functions and operators for handling arrays of integers. It's particularly optimized for arrays that do not contain any NULL values, offering significant performance advantages for certain operations compared to Postgres's built-in array functions.

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This extension is useful when you need to perform set-like operations (unions, intersections), check for containment or overlap, or conduct indexed searches on integer arrays, common in applications like tagging systems, access control lists, or product categorization.

You can enable the extension by running the following CREATE EXTENSION statement in the Neon SQL Editor or from a client such as psql that is connected to your Neon database.

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS intarray;

Version availability:

Please refer to the list of all extensions available in Neon for up-to-date extension version information.

The intarray extension provides several useful functions for array manipulation:

• icount(integer[]) → integer: Returns the number of elements in the array.

  SELECT icount('{1,2,3,2}'::integer[]);
  -- Result: 4

• sort(integer[], dir text) → integer[]: Sorts the array. dir can be 'asc' (ascending) or 'desc' (descending).

  SELECT sort('{1,3,2}'::integer[], 'desc');
  -- Result: {3,2,1}

• sort_asc(integer[]) → integer[]: Sorts the array in ascending order. (Equivalent to sort(arr, 'asc')).

  SELECT sort_asc('{11,77,44}'::integer[]);
  -- Result: {11,44,77}

• sort_desc(integer[]) → integer[]: Sorts the array in descending order. (Equivalent to sort(arr, 'desc')).

  SELECT sort_desc('{11,77,44}'::integer[]);
  -- Result: {77,44,11}

• uniq(integer[]) → integer[]: Removes adjacent duplicate values from the array. To remove all duplicates, sort the array first.

  SELECT uniq('{1,2,2,3,1,1}'::integer[]);
  -- Result: {1,2,3,1}
  SELECT uniq(sort('{1,2,2,3,1,1}'::integer[]));
  -- Result: {1,2,3}

• idx(integer[], item integer) → integer: Returns the 1-based index of the first occurrence of item in the array, or 0 if not found.

  SELECT idx(array[11,22,33,22,11], 22);
  -- Result: 2

• subarray(integer[], start_idx integer, len integer) → integer[]: Extracts a subarray of len elements starting from start_idx (1-based).

  SELECT subarray('{1,2,3,4,5}'::integer[], 2, 3);
  -- Result: {2,3,4}

• subarray(integer[], start_idx integer) → integer[]: Extracts a subarray from start_idx to the end of the array.

  SELECT subarray('{1,2,3,4,5}'::integer[], 3);
  -- Result: {3,4,5}

• intset(integer) → integer[]: Creates a single-element integer array.

  SELECT intset(42);
  -- Result: {42}

intarray offers set of operators for comparing and manipulating integer arrays:

intarray introduces a special data type query_int for constructing complex search queries against integer arrays.

• array @@ query_int → boolean: Does the array satisfy the query_int?
• query_int ~~ array → boolean: Commutator for @@. Does the array satisfy the query_int?

A query_int consists of integer values combined with operators:

• & (AND)
• | (OR)
• ! (NOT) Parentheses () can be used for grouping.

Example: 1&(2|3) matches arrays that contain 1 AND (either 2 OR 3).

SELECT '{1,2,7}'::integer[] @@ '1 & (2|3)'::query_int; -- true (1 is present, 2 is present)
SELECT '{1,3,8}'::integer[] @@ '1 & (2|3)'::query_int; -- true (1 is present, 3 is present)
SELECT '1 & (2|3)'::query_int ~~ '{1,3,8}'::integer[]; -- commutator version of the above
SELECT '{1,4,9}'::integer[] @@ '1 & (2|3)'::query_int; -- false (1 is present, but neither 2 nor 3)
SELECT '{2,3,5}'::integer[] @@ '1 & (2|3)'::query_int; -- false (1 is not present)

Let's create a table to store an example dataset of articles with tags represented as integer arrays.

CREATE TABLE articles (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    title TEXT NOT NULL,
    tag_ids INTEGER[] -- This will store an array of integer tag IDs
);

INSERT INTO articles (title, tag_ids) VALUES
    ('Postgres Performance Tips', '{1,2,3}'),
    ('Introduction to SQL', '{2,4}'),
    ('Advanced intarray Usage', '{1,3,5}'),
    ('Database Normalization', '{4,6}');

Find articles tagged with either tag 2 OR tag 5 (overlap):

SELECT title, tag_ids
FROM articles
WHERE tag_ids && '{2,5}'::integer[];

Output:

| title                     | tag_ids |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Postgres Performance Tips | {1,2,3} |
| Introduction to SQL       | {2,4}   |
| Advanced intarray Usage   | {1,3,5} |

Find articles tagged with both tag 1 AND tag 2 (contains):

SELECT title, tag_ids
FROM articles
WHERE tag_ids @> '{1,2}'::integer[];

Output:

| title                     | tag_ids |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Postgres Performance Tips | {1,2,3} |

Find articles whose tags are fully contained within {1,2,3,5} (is contained by):

SELECT title, tag_ids
FROM articles
WHERE tag_ids <@ '{1,2,3,5}'::integer[];

Output:

| title                     | tag_ids |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Postgres Performance Tips | {1,2,3} |
| Advanced intarray Usage   | {1,3,5} |

Get all unique tags used across articles "Postgres Performance Tips" and "Introduction to SQL":

SELECT uniq(sort(a1.tag_ids + a2.tag_ids)) AS combined_unique_tags
FROM articles a1, articles a2
WHERE a1.title = 'Postgres Performance Tips' AND a2.title = 'Introduction to SQL';

Output:

| combined_unique_tags |
|----------------------|
| {1,2,3,4}            |

Find common tags between "Postgres Performance Tips" and "Advanced intarray Usage" (intersection):

SELECT a1.tag_ids & a2.tag_ids AS common_tags
FROM articles a1
CROSS JOIN articles a2
WHERE a1.title = 'Postgres Performance Tips' AND a2.title = 'Advanced intarray Usage';

Output:

| common_tags |
|-------------|
| {1,3}       |

Add a new tag 7 to "Introduction to SQL":

UPDATE articles
SET tag_ids = tag_ids + 7
WHERE title = 'Introduction to SQL'
RETURNING title, tag_ids;

Output:

| title                 | tag_ids   |
|-----------------------|-----------|
| Introduction to SQL   | {2,4,7}   |

Remove tag 2 from "Postgres Performance Tips":

UPDATE articles
SET tag_ids = tag_ids - 2
WHERE title = 'Postgres Performance Tips'
RETURNING title, tag_ids;

Output:

| title                     | tag_ids |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Postgres Performance Tips | {1,3}   |

Find articles tagged with 1 AND (either 3 OR 4):

SELECT title, tag_ids
FROM articles
WHERE tag_ids @@ '1 & (3|4)'::query_int;

| title                     | tag_ids |
|---------------------------|---------|
| Advanced intarray Usage   | {1,3,5} |
| Postgres Performance Tips |  {1,3}  |

Find the index of tag 3 in "Postgres Performance Tips":

SELECT title, idx(tag_ids, 3) AS index_of_tag_3
FROM articles
WHERE title = 'Postgres Performance Tips';

Output:

| title                     | index_of_tag_3 |
|---------------------------|----------------|
| Postgres Performance Tips |       2        |

intarray provides excellent indexing capabilities for its operators, which is crucial for performance on large datasets. It supports both GiST and GIN indexes. These indexes can accelerate queries using &&, @>, <@, @@, and array equality.

• gist__int_ops: Suitable for small to medium-sized datasets. It approximates an integer set as an array of integer ranges.
  • Optional parameter: numranges (default 100, range 1-253). Defines the maximum number of ranges in an index key. Larger values lead to more precise (faster) searches but larger indexes.
• gist__intbig_ops: Better for large datasets (columns with many distinct array values). It approximates an integer set as a bitmap signature.
  • Optional parameter: siglen (default 16 bytes, range 1-2024 bytes). Defines the signature length. Longer signatures mean more precise searches but larger indexes.

GiST index doesn't benefit from <@ operator.

Example GiST Index:

To create a GiST index on tag_ids using gist__intbig_ops with a signature length of 32 bytes:

CREATE INDEX idx_articles_tag_ids_gist ON articles USING GIST (tag_ids gist__intbig_ops (siglen = 32));

To use the gist__int_ops:

CREATE INDEX idx_articles_tag_ids_gist_default ON articles USING GIST (tag_ids gist__int_ops);

You can also specify parameters for gist__int_ops, for example:

CREATE INDEX idx_articles_tag_ids_gist_custom_ranges ON articles USING GIST (tag_ids gist__int_ops (numranges = 50));

gin__int_ops: This is a non-default GIN operator class. It supports &&, @>, @@, and also <@.

Example GIN Index:

CREATE INDEX idx_articles_tag_ids_gin ON articles USING GIN (tag_ids gin__int_ops);

• Tagging systems: Efficiently find items associated with specific tags, combinations of tags, or overlapping tag sets.
• Access Control Lists (ACLs): Store group memberships or resource permissions as integer arrays and quickly check if a user (belonging to certain groups) has access to a resource.
• Product categorization: Manage products belonging to multiple categories and find products based on category inclusion/exclusion criteria.
• Recommendation engines: Identify items with similar properties by checking for overlaps in their feature ID arrays.

The intarray extension adds functions and operators for managing and querying integer arrays in Postgres, with significant performance improvements for complex array operations.

• PostgreSQL intarray documentation

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